Methods and intermediates for the synthesis of porphyrins

ABSTRACT

A method of making a porphyrin is carried out by: (a) condensing (i) a 1,9-bis(N,N-)dialkylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane of Formula II: 
                         
with (ii) a dipyrromethane to produce a reaction product; then (b) oxidizing the reaction product; and then (c) optionally demetallating said reaction product to produce the porphyrin. The reaction is particularly useful for making substituted porphyrins with a wide range of substituents at the A and/or B (the 5 and/or 15) positions.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and is a divisional of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/192,934, filed Jul. 29, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No.7,501,508, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

This application is also related to Jonathan S. Lindsey, MasahikoTaniguchi, Arumugham Balakumar, and Dazhong Fan, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/193,562, Methods and Intermediates for the Synthesis ofPorphyrins, filed Jul. 29, 2005, and published as US 2007/00027312, thedisclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

GOVERNMENT FUNDING

This invention was made with US Government support under Grant NumberGM36238 from the National Institutes of Health. The Government hascertain rights to this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns methods for making porphyrins, includingbut not limited to trans-A,B-porphyrins, with1,9-bis(N,N-dialkylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane intermediates.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Porphyrins bearing only one or two substituents present a compactarchitecture suitable for a wide variety of applications or furthersynthetic elaboration. For substituents at the meso-positions, themethodology established for preparing porphyrins bearing four distinctmeso-substituents would appear applicable. The route to suchABCD-porphyrins entails condensation of adipyrromethane+dipyrromethane-1,9-dicarbinol, where the foursubstituents are introduced via the meso-positions of bothdipyrromethane species and the carbinol units at the 1- and9-positions.¹ The corresponding synthesis of A-porphyrins,trans-AB-porphyrins, (and also trans-A₂-porphyrins)² would employmeso-substituted dipyrromethanes with no substituents at the carbinolsites. To our surprise, condensations with dipyrromethanes bearingprimary carbinol groups proceeded poorly, giving a mixture of porphyrinsand overall low yields.³. No better alternatives (other than statisticalcondensations) to A-porphyrins or trans-AB-porphyrins have beendeveloped. This limitation prompted us to investigate C1 synthons havinggreater reactivity than primary carbinol groups for the rationalsynthesis of porphyrins bearing one or two meso-substituents.

A wide variety of C1 synthons have been employed in porphyrin chemistry,either as functional groups (aldehyde,⁴ hydroxymethyl³) attached to apyrrolic species or as added reagents (formic acid,⁵ trimethylorthoformate,^(5,6) formaldehyde,⁷ and imines⁸). A key consideration inthe use of dipyrromethanes is the possibility of acidolysis followed byundesired recombination of dipyrromethane-derived fragments, affordingundesired porphyrin species (i.e., scrambling). The possibility ofscrambling constrains the nature of the reactive groups employed as C1synthons (e.g., aldehyde or hydroxymethyl) and reaction conditions thatcan be employed.

The aminomethyl group is an attractive candidate for the C1 synthonleading to porphyrinic macrocycles because of ease of introduction, thepossibility that reaction can be carried out without added acidcatalysts, and biomimetic analogy. Indeed, an aminomethylpyrrole(porphobilinogen, A)⁹ is the biosynthetic precursor of all naturallyoccurring porphyrinic macrocycles (Chart 1). Aminomethylpyrroles havebeen prepared by the condensation of pyrrole derivatives with aldehydesand amines.¹⁰ The advent of N,N-dimethylmethyleneammonium iodide(Eschenmoser's reagent),¹¹ designed for reactions with corrins, alsofacilitated the synthesis of aminomethylpyrrolic compounds. To constructporphyrinic macrocycles from aminomethylpyrroles, three differentapproaches have been investigated: (1) self-condensation of anaminomethylpyrrole (e.g., B or C),¹² (2) condensation of abis(aminomethyl)pyrrole (e.g., D or E) with a pyrrole derivative,¹²⁻¹⁴and (3) 3+1 condensation of a bis(aminomethyl)pyrrole D with atripyrrane.^(14,15) These approaches are attractive in their simplicitybut have the potential limitation of forming a mixture of porphyrinregioisomers depending on the β-substitution pattern of the pyrrolicsubstrates.

Although aminomethyl-dipyrromethanes can be attractive precursors forporphyrinic macrocycles, aminomethyl-dipyrromethane derivatives (F) havebeen mainly used for the synthesis of expanded porphyrins, such asporphocyanine.¹⁶ To our knowledge, the only previous example ofaminomethyl-dipyrromethane derivatives in porphyrin chemistry isHombrecher's synthesis of meso-substituted etioporphyrins:¹⁷ treatmentof a dipyrromethane with a Mannich reagent (CH₂═NEt₂Cl) gave the1,9-bis(N,N-diethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane (not isolated), which uponcondensation with a dipyrromethane in situ afforded a mixture includinga trans-AB-porphyrin, A-porphyrins, and etioporphyrin (Scheme 1).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention is a method of making a porphyrin ofFormula I:

wherein:

A and B are each independently H or any suitable organic substituent;

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl and aryl;

R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, halo, loweralkoxy, and loweralkylthio; and

M is a metal or a pair of hydrogen atoms. The method comprises:

(a) condensing: (i) a 1,9-bis(N,N-dialkylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane ofFormula II:

wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently selected loweralkyl, andA, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as given above, with (ii) a dipyrromethaneof Formula III:

wherein B, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are as given above; in an alcohol solventcontaining a metal salt to produce a reaction product; then

(b) oxidizing said reaction product with an oxidizing agent and then

(c) optionally demetallating said reaction product to produce theporphyrin of Formula I.

A second aspect of the invention is a compound of Formula II:

wherein:

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently loweralkyl; and

A, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as described above.

The foregoing and other objects and aspects of the invention areexplained in greater detail in the drawings herein and the specificationset forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. (A) Effect of concentration of dipyrromethane species inporphyrin formation (3a+1b). Reaction conditions were as follows:[Zn(OAc)₂ (10 equiv) in EtOH at reflux in air for 5 h, data points are1, 3.16, 10, 31.6, 100, and 316 mM], then treated with ¾ equiv of DDQper pyrrole unit. The yields of porphyrin were determined usingabsorption spectroscopy by removing small aliquots from the reactionmixture. (B) The yield of porphyrin as a function of time upon reactionof bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane 3a+dipyrromethane 1b withZn(OAc)₂ under reflux in EtOH (the concentration of each reactant is 10mM) exposed to air.

The present invention is explained in greater detail in thespecification set forth below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

“Halo” as used herein refers to any suitable halogen, including —F, —Cl,—Br, and —I.

“Mercapto” as used herein refers to an —SH group.

“Azido” as used herein refers to an —N₃ group.

“Cyano” as used herein refers to a —CN group.

“Hydroxyl” as used herein refers to an —OH group.

“Nitro” as used herein refers to an —NO₂ group.

“Alkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to astraight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10, 20, 40or 50 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but arenot limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl,iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl,3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl,n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, and the like. “Lower alkyl” as used herein,is a subset of alkyl, in some embodiments preferred, and refers to astraight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4carbon atoms. Representative examples of lower alkyl include, but arenot limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl,tert-butyl, and the like. The term “alkyl” or “loweralkyl” is intendedto include both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl or loweralkyl unlessotherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with groupsselected from halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl,hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy,cycloalkylalkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclooxy,heterocycloalkyloxy, mercapto, alkyl-S(O)_(m), haloalkyl-S(O)_(m),alkenyl-S(O)_(m), alkynyl-S(O)_(m), cycloalkyl-S(O)_(m),cycloalkylalkyl-S(O)_(m), aryl-S(O)_(m), arylalkyl-S(O)_(m),heterocyclo-S(O)_(m), heterocycloalkyl-S(O)_(m), amino, alkylamino,alkenylamino, alkynylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino,cycloalkylalkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heterocycloamino,heterocycloalkylamino, disubstituted-amino, acylamino, acyloxy, ester,amide, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxyacylamino, aminoacyloxy, nitro or cyanowhere m=0, 1 or 2.

“Alkenyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to astraight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbonatoms (or in loweralkenyl 1 to 4 carbon atoms) which include 1 to 4double bonds in the normal chain. Representative examples of alkenylinclude, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl,2-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2,4-heptadiene,and the like. The term “alkenyl” or “loweralkenyl” is intended toinclude both substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl or loweralkenylunless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted withgroups as described in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.

“Alkynyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to astraight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbonatoms (or in loweralkynyl 1 to 4 carbon atoms) which include 1 triplebond in the normal chain. Representative examples of alkynyl include,but are not limited to, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 4-pentynyl,3-pentynyl, and the like. The term “alkynyl” or “loweralkynyl” isintended to include both substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl orloweralknynyl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may besubstituted with the same groups as set forth in connection with alkyland loweralkyl above.

“Alkoxy” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to analkyl or loweralkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parentmolecular moiety through an oxy group, —O—. Representative examples ofalkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy and the like.

“Acyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to a—C(O)R radical, where R is any suitable substituent such as aryl, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl or other suitable substituent as describedherein.

“Haloalkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers toat least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parentmolecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to,chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl,2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl, and the like.

“Alkylthio” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers toan alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecularmoiety through a thio moiety, as defined herein. Representative examplesof alkylthio include, but are not limited, methylthio, ethylthio,tert-butylthio, hexylthio, and the like.

“Aryl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to amonocyclic carbocyclic ring system or a bicyclic carbocyclic fused ringsystem having one or more aromatic rings. “Aryl” includes aromaticheterocyclic groups or heterocyclo groups as discussed below.Representative examples of aryl include, azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl,naphthyl, phenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like. The term “aryl” isintended to include both substituted and unsubstituted aryl unlessotherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with the samegroups as set forth in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.

“Arylalkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers toan aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representativeexamples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl,2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-naphth-2-ylethyl, and the like.

“Amino” as used herein means the radical —NH₂.

“Alkylamino” as used herein alone or as part of another group means theradical —NHR, where R is an alkyl group.

“Arylalkylamino” as used herein alone or as part of another group meansthe radical —NHR, where R is an arylalkyl group.

“Disubstituted-amino” as used herein alone or as part of another groupmeans the radical —NR_(a)R_(b), where R_(a) and R_(b) are independentlyselected from the groups alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl.

“Monosubstituted-amino” as used herein alone or as part of another groupmeans the radical —NHR, where R is selected from the groups alkyl,haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl.

“Amine” as used herein refers to amino, monosubstituted-amino,disubstituted-amino.

“Acylamino” as used herein alone or as part of another group means theradical —NR_(a)R_(b), where R_(a) is an acyl group as defined herein andR_(b) is selected from the groups hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo,heterocycloalkyl.

“Acyloxy” as used herein alone or as part of another group means theradical —OR, where R is an acyl group as defined herein.

“Ester” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to a—C(O)OR radical, where R is any suitable substituent such as alkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl.

“Amide” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to a—C(O)NR_(a)R_(b) radical, where R_(a) and R_(b) are any suitablesubstituent such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl.

“Sulfonamide” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers toa —S(O)₂NR_(a)R_(b) radical, where R_(a) and R_(b) are any suitablesubstituent such as H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl.

“Urea” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to an—N(R_(c))C(O)NR_(a)R_(b) radical, where R_(a), R_(b) and R_(c) are anysuitable substituent such as H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl oraryl.

“Alkoxyacylamino” as used herein alone or as part of another grouprefers to an —N(R_(a))C(O)OR_(b) radical, where R_(a), R_(b) are anysuitable substituent such as H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl oraryl.

“Aminoacyloxy” as used herein alone or as part of another group refersto an —OC(O)NR_(a)R_(b) radical, where R_(a) and R_(b) are any suitablesubstituent such as H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl.

“Cycloalkyl” as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers toa saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containingfrom 3, 4 or 5 to 6, 7 or 8 carbons (which carbons may be replaced in aheterocyclic group as discussed below). Representative examples ofcycloalkyl include, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. These rings may be optionally substitutedwith additional substituents as described herein such as halo orloweralkyl. The term “cycloalkyl” is generic and intended to includeheterocyclic groups as discussed below unless specified otherwise.

“Heterocyclic group” or “heterocyclo” as used herein alone or as part ofanother group, refers to an aromatic and nonaromatic (e.g., saturated orpartially unsaturated aliphatic) monocyclic- or a bicyclic-ring system.Monocyclic ring systems are exemplified by any 5 or 6 membered ringcontaining 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen,nitrogen and sulfur. The 5 membered ring has from 0-2 double bonds andthe 6 membered ring has from 0-3 double bonds. Representative examplesof monocyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, azetidine,azepine, aziridine, diazepine, 1,3-dioxolane, dioxane, dithiane, furan,imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline,isothiazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, morpholine,oxadiazole, oxadiazoline, oxadiazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline,oxazolidine, piperazine, piperidine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole,pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrrole,pyrroline, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrazine,tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, thiazole,thiazoline, thiazolidine, thiophene, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholinesulfone, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, trithiane, and the like.Bicyclic ring systems are exemplified by any of the above monocyclicring systems fused to an aryl group as defined herein, a cycloalkylgroup as defined herein, or another monocyclic ring system as definedherein. Representative examples of bicyclic ring systems include but arenot limited to, for example, benzimidazole, benzothiazole,benzothiadiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxadiazole, benzoxazole,benzofuran, benzopyran, benzothiopyran, benzodioxine, 1,3-benzodioxole,cinnoline, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, naphthyridine,isobenzofuran, isobenzothiophene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline,phthalazine, purine, pyranopyridine, quinoline, quinolizine,quinoxaline, quinazoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline,thiopyranopyridine, and the like. These rings may be optionallysubstituted with groups selected from halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo,heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, haloalkoxy,cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclooxy,heterocycloalkyloxy, mercapto, alkyl-S(O)_(m), haloalkyl-S(O)_(m),alkenyl-S(O)_(m), alkynyl-S(O)_(m), cycloalkyl-S(O)_(m),cycloalkylalkyl-S(O)_(m), aryl-S(O)_(m), arylalkyl-S(O)_(m),heterocyclo-S(O)_(m), heterocycloalkyl-S(O)_(m), amino, alkylamino,alkenylamino, alkynylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino,cycloalkylalkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heterocycloamino,heterocycloalkylamino, disubstituted-amino, acylamino, acyloxy, ester,amide, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxyacylamino, aminoacyloxy, nitro or cyanowhere m=0, 1 or 2.

“Dipyrromethane” as used herein includes both unsubstituted andsubstituted dipyrromethanes, which may be unsubstituted or substitutedone or more times at the 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 or 9 positions with anysuitable substituent such as halo, carbonyl, alkyl, fluoroalkylincluding perfluoroalkyl, aryl (e.g., A or B at the 5 position;dialkylaminomethyl alkyl at the 1 and 9 positions), Dipyrromethanes maybe coupled to porphyrinic macrocycles at any suitable position on thedipyrromethanes, including the 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, or 9 position, andparticularly the 5 position.

“Metal” as used herein is any suitable metal, including but not limitedto Cu, Zn, Mg, Pt, Pd, Sn, Ni, and Al.

“Metal salt” as used herein includes but is not limited to zinc,palladium, copper, nickel, or cobalt salts. Zinc salts are currentlypreferred. The salts may be formed with any suitable counterion(s),including but not limited to acetate, chloride, acac (acetylacetate),etc.

“Surface attachment group” may be any reactive substituent useful forattaching a compound to a substrate such as a metal, insulator,semiconductor substrate or polymer, which reactive substituent may becoupled directly to the parent molecule or coupled to the parentmolecule by a linker included as a portion of the surface attachmentgroup. When the linker is aromatic the surface attachment group is saidto be aromatic.

“Cross-coupling group” may be any reactive substituent useful forcoupling a compound to another compound such as another porphyrin, as asemiconductor substrate or polymer, which reactive substituent may becoupled directly to the parent molecule or coupled to the parentmolecule by a linker included as a portion of the cross-coupling group.When the linker is aromatic the cross-coupling group is said to bearomatic.

“Bioconjugatable group” may be any reactive substituent or member of aspecific binding pair useful for attaching a compound to another organiccompound such as a protein, peptide, nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, RNA),which reactive substituent or member of a specific binding pair may becoupled directly to the parent molecule or coupled to the parentmolecule by an linker included as a portion of the bioconjugatablegroup. When the linker is aromatic the bioconjugatable group is said tobe aromatic.

“Hydrophilic group” refers to any aromatic or aliphatic group that iswater soluble or enhances the water solubility of the correspondingcompound to which it is coupled. Hydrophilic groups may be coupleddirectly to the parent molecule or coupled to the parent molecule by alinker included as a portion of the hydrophilic group. When the linkeris aromatic the bioconjugatable group is said to be aromatic.

“Linkers” are aromatic or aliphatic groups (which may be substituted orunsubstituted and may optionally contain heteroatoms such as N, O, or S)that are utilized to couple a bioconjugatable group, cross-couplinggroup, surface attachment group, hydrophilic group or the like to theparent molecule. Examples include but are not limited to aryl, alkyl,heteroaryl, heteroalkyl (e.g., oligoethylene glycol), peptide, andpolysaccharide linkers, etc.

The disclosures of all United States Patent references cited herein areto be incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth.

A. Surface Attachment Groups.

As noted above, compounds of the invention can be substituted with asurface attachment group, which may be in protected or unprotected form.A surface attachment group may be a reactive group coupled directly tothe azolo group, or coupled to the azolo group by means of anintervening linker. Linkers L can be aryl, alkyl, heteroaryl,heteroalkyl (e.g., oligoethylene glycol), peptide, polysaccharide, etc.Examples of surface attachment groups (with the reactive site or groupin unprotected form) include but are not limited to:

-   4-carboxyphenyl,-   carboxymethyl,-   2-carboxyethyl,-   3-carboxypropyl,-   2-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethynyl,-   4-(2-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl,-   4-carboxymethylphenyl,-   4-(3-carboxypropyl)phenyl,-   4-(2-(4-carboxymethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl;-   4-hydroxyphenyl,-   hydroxymethyl,-   2-hydroxyethyl,-   3-hydroxypropyl,-   2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethynyl,-   4-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl,-   4-hydroxymethylphenyl,-   4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl,-   4-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenyl,-   4-(2-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl;-   4-mercaptophenyl,-   mercaptomethyl,-   2-mercaptoethyl,-   3-mercaptopropyl,-   2-(4-mercaptophenyl)ethynyl,-   4-(2-(4-mercaptophenyl)ethynyl)phenyl;-   4-mercaptomethylphenyl,-   4-(2-mercaptoethyl)phenyl,-   4-(3-mercaptopropyl)phenyl,-   4-(2-(4-mercaptomethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl;-   4-selenylphenyl,-   selenylmethyl,-   2-selenylethyl,-   3-selenylpropyl,-   2-(4-selenylphenyl)ethynyl,-   4-selenylmethylphenyl,-   4-(2-selenylethyl)phenyl,-   4-(3-selenylpropyl)phenyl,-   4-selenylmethylphenyl,-   4-(2-(4-selenylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl;-   4-tellurylphenyl,-   tellurylmethyl,-   2-tellurylethyl,-   3-tellurylpropyl,-   2-(4-tellurylphenyl)ethynyl,-   4-(2-(4-tellurylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl,-   4-tellurylmethylphenyl,-   4-(2-tellurylethyl)phenyl,-   4-(3-tellurylpropyl)phenyl,-   4-(2-(4-tellurylmethylphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl;-   4-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl,-   (dihydroxyphosphoryl)methyl,-   2-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)ethyl,-   3-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)propyl,-   2-[4-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl]ethynyl,-   4-[2-[4-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl]ethynyl]phenyl,-   4-[(dihydroxyphosphoryl)methyl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)ethyl]phenyl,-   4-[2-[4-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)methylphenyl]ethynyl]phenyl;-   4-(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)phenyl,-   (hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)methyl,-   2-(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)ethyl,-   3-(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)propyl,-   2-[4-(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)phenyl]ethynyl,-   4-[2-[4-(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)phenyl]ethynyl]phenyl,-   4-[(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)methyl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)ethyl]phenyl,-   4-[2-[4-(hydroxy(mercapto)phosphoryl)methylphenyl]ethynyl]phenyl;-   4-cyanophenyl,-   cyanomethyl,-   2-cyanoethyl,-   3-cyanopropyl,-   2-(4-cyanophenyl)ethynyl,-   4-[2-(4-cyanophenyl)ethynyl]phenyl,-   4-(cyanomethyl)phenyl,-   4-(2-cyanoethyl)phenyl,-   4-[2-[4-(cyanomethyl)phenyl]ethynyl]phenyl;-   4-cyanobiphenyl;-   4-aminophenyl,-   aminomethyl,-   2-aminoethyl,-   3-aminopropyl,-   2-(4-aminophenyl)ethynyl,-   4-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethynyl]phenyl,-   4-aminobiphenyl;-   4-formylphenyl,-   4-bromophenyl,-   4-iodophenyl,-   4-vinylphenyl,-   4-ethynylphenyl,-   4-allylphenyl,-   4-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]phenyl,-   4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl;-   formyl,-   bromo,-   iodo,-   bromomethyl,-   chloromethyl,-   ethynyl,-   vinyl,-   allyl;-   4-(ethynyl)biphen-4′-yl,-   4-[2-(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]biphen-4′-yl,-   3,5-diethynylphenyl;-   4-(bromomethyl)phenyl, and-   2-bromoethyl.

In addition to the monodentate linker-surface attachment groupsdescribed above, multidentate linkers can be employed [Nikitin, K. Chem.Commun. 2003, 282-283; Hu, J.; Mattern, D. L. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65,2277-2281; Yao, Y.; Tour, J. M. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1968-1971; Fox,M. A. et al. Langmuir, 1998, 14, 816-820; Galoppini, E.; Guo, W. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 4342-4343; Deng, X. et al. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67,5279-5283; Hector Jr., L. G. et al. Surface Science, 2001, 494, 1-20;Whitesell, J. K.; Chang, H. K. Science, 1993, 261, 73-76; Galoppini, E.et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 67, 7801-7811; Siiman, O. et al.Bioconjugate Chem. 2000, 11, 549-556]. Tripodal linkers bearing thiol,carboxylic acid, alcohol, or phosphonic acid units are particularlyattractive for firmly anchoring a molecular device on a planar surface.Specific examples of such linkers are built around the triphenylmethaneor tetraphenylmethane unit, including the following:

-   1,1,1-tris[4-(S-acetylthiomethyl)phenyl]methyl,-   4-{1,1,1-tris[4-(S-acetylthiomethyl)phenyl]methyl}phenyl,-   1,1,1-tris[4-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl]methyl,-   4-{1,1,1-tris[4-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl]methyl}phenyl,-   1,1,1-tris[4-dihydroxyphosphorylmethyl)phenyl]methyl, and-   4-{1,1,1-tris[4-(dihydroxyphosphorylmethyl)phenyl]methyl}phenyl;    All as described in Balakumar, Muthukumaran and Lindsey, U.S. patent    application Ser. No. 10/867,512 (filed Jun. 14, 2004). See also    Lindsey, Loewe, Muthukumaran, and Ambroise, US Patent Application    Publication No. 20050096465 (Published May 5, 2005), particularly    paragraph 51 thereof. Additional examples of multidentate linkers    include but are not limited to:    Alkene surface attachment groups (2, 3, 4 carbons) such as:-   3-vinylpenta-1,4-dien-3-yl,-   4-(3-vinylpenta-1,4-dien-3-yl)phenyl,-   4-(3-vinylpenta-1,4-dien-3-yl)biphen-4′-yl,-   4-allylhepta-1,6-dien-4-yl,-   4-(4-allylhepta-1,6-dien-4-yl)phenyl,-   4-(4-allylhepta-1,6-dien-4-yl)biphen-4′-yl,-   5-(1-buten-4-yl)nona-1,8-dien-5-yl,-   4-[5-(1-buten-4-yl)nona-1,8-dien-5-yl]phenyl,-   4-[5-(1-buten-4-yl)nona-1,8-dien-5-yl]biphen-4′-yl, etc.    Alkyne surface attachment groups (2, 3, 4 carbons) such as:-   3-ethynylpenta-1,4-diyn-3-yl,-   4-(3-ethynylpenta-1,4-diyn-3-yl)phenyl,-   4-(3-ethynylpenta-1,4-diyn-3-yl)biphen-4′-yl,-   4-propargylhepta-1,6-diyn-4-yl,-   4-(4-propargylhepta-1,6-diyn-4-yl)phenyl,-   4-(4-propargylhepta-1,6-diyn-4-yl)biphen-4′-yl,-   5-(1-butyn-4-yl)nona-1,8-diyn-5-yl,-   4-[5-(1-butyn-4-yl)nona-1,8-diyn-5-yl]phenyl,-   4-[5-(1-butyn-4-yl)nona-1,8-diyn-5-yl]biphen-4′-yl,    Alcohol surface attachment groups (1, 2, 3 carbons), such as:-   2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dihydroxyprop-2-yl,-   4-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dihydroxyprop-2-yl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dihydroxyprop-2-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,5-dihydroxypent-3-yl,-   4-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,5-dihydroxypent-3-yl]phenyl,-   4-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,5-dihydroxypent-3-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,7-dihydroxyhept-4-yl,-   4-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,7-dihydroxyhept-4-yl]phenyl,-   4-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,7-dihydroxyhept-4-yl]biphen-4′-yl, etc.,    Thiol surface attachment groups (1, 2, 3 carbons) such as:-   2-(mercaptomethyl)-1,3-dimercaptoprop-2-yl,-   4-[2-(mercaptomethyl)-1,3-dimercaptoprop-2-yl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(mercaptomethyl)-1,3-dimercaptoprop-2-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,5-dimercaptopent-3-yl-   4-[3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,5-dimercaptopent-3-yl]phenyl,-   4-[3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,5-dimercaptopent-3-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   4-(3-mercaptopropyl)-1,7-dimercaptohept-4-yl,-   4-[4-(3-mercaptopropyl)-1,7-dimercaptohept-4-yl]phenyl,-   4-[4-(3-mercaptopropyl)-1,7-dimercaptohept-4-yl]biphen-4′-yl etc.,    Selenyl surface attachment groups (1, 2, 3 carbons), such as:-   2-(selenylmethyl)-1,3-diselenylprop-2-yl,-   4-[2-(selenylmethyl)-1,3-diselenylprop-2-yl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(mercaptomethyl)-1,3-dimercaptoprop-2-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   3-(2-selenylethyl)-1,5-diselenylpent-3-yl,-   4-[3-(2-selenylethyl)-1,5-diselenylpent-3-yl]phenyl,-   4-[3-(2-selenylethyl)-1,5-diselenylpent-3-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   4-(3-selenylpropyl)-1,7-diselenylhept-4-yl,-   4-[4-(3-selenylpropyl)-1,7-diselenylhept-4-yl]phenyl,-   4-[4-(3-selenylpropyl)-1,7-diselenylhept-4-yl]biphen-4′-yl, etc.    Phosphono surface attachment groups (1, 2, 3 carbons), such as:-   2-(phosphonomethyl)-1,3-diphosphonoprop-2-yl,-   4-[2-(phosphonomethyl)-1,3-diphosphonoprop-2-yl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(phosphonomethyl)-1,3-diphosphonoprop-2-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   3-(2-phosphonoethyl)-1,5-diphosphonopent-3-yl,-   4-[3-(2-phosphonoethyl)-1,5-diphosphonopent-3-yl]phenyl,-   4-[3-(2-phosphonoethyl)-1,5-diphosphonopent-3-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   4-(3-phosphonopropyl)-1,7-diphosphonohept-4-yl,-   4-[4-(3-phosphonopropyl)-1,7-diphosphonohept-4-yl]phenyl,-   4-[4-(3-phosphonopropyl)-1,7-diphosphonohept-4-yl]biphen-4′-yl,    etc., and    Carboxylic acid surface attachment groups (1, 2, 3 carbons), such    as:-   2-(carboxymethyl)-1,3-dicarboxyprop-2-yl,-   4-[2-(carboxymethyl)-1,3-dicarboxyprop-2-yl]phenyl,-   4-[2-(carboxymethyl)-1,3-dicarboxyprop-2-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   3-(2-carboxyethyl)-1,5-dicarboxypent-3-yl,-   4-[3-(2-carboxyethyl)-1,5-dicarboxypent-3-yl]phenyl,-   4-[3-(2-carboxyethyl)-1,5-dicarboxypent-3-yl]biphen-4′-yl,-   4-(3-carboxypropyl)-1,7-dicarboxyhept-4-yl,-   4-[4-(3-carboxypropyl)-1,7-dicarboxyhept-4-yl]phenyl,-   4-[4-(3-carboxypropyl)-1,7-dicarboxyhept-4-yl]biphen-4′-yl, etc.    B. Cross-Coupling Groups.

Compounds produced of the present invention, as individual ring systemsor as constituents of sandwich coordination compounds, can be coupledtogether as linear polymers in like manner as described in U.S. Pat. No.6,777,516 to Li, Gryko and Lindsey. Examples of suitable linking orcross-coupling groups include but are not limited to groups J² and J³below, which may be linked directly to the compound of the invention orby an intervening linker L. Linkers L can be aryl, alkyl, heteroaryl,heteroalkyl (e.g., oligoethylene glycol), peptide, polysaccharide, etc.The cross-coupling group may be simply a reactive attachment group ormoiety (e.g., —R′ where R′ is a reactive group such as bromo), or maycomprise a combination of an intervening linker group coupled to areactive group (e.g., —R″R′, where R′ is a reactive group and R″ is anintervening group such as a hydrophilic group).

Particular examples of linkers include, but are not limited to,4,4′-diphenylethyne, 4,4′-diphenylbutadiyne, 4,4′-biphenyl,1,4-phenylene, 4,4′-stilbene, 1,4-bicyclooctane, 4,4′-azobenzene,4,4′-benzylideneaniline, and 4,4″-terphenyl.

Dyads. The synthesis of dyads of compounds of the invention can proceedvia several different types of reactions. The reactions of interestinclude Glaser (or Eglinton) coupling of two identical porphyrins(generating a butadiyne linker), Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling of twoporphyrins (generating a butadiyne linker), Sonogashira coupling of twodifferent porphyrins (generating an ethyne linker), Heck or Wittigreactions of two different porphyrins (generating an alkene linker),Suzuki coupling of two different porphyrins (generating a phenylene orbiphenyl linker), etc. Other reactions can also be employed.

J¹-L-TD-L-J² + J³-L-TD-L-J⁴ J² J³ Reaction Type —B(OH)₂ —Cl, —Br, —ISuzuki

—Cl, —Br, —I Sonogashira

Glaser

Cadiot-Chodkiewicz —CHO —Br, —I Wittig —HC═CH₂ —Br, —I Heck

Polymers. The methods for synthesis of polymeric arrays of compoundsinclude but are not restricted to use of the following types ofreactions:

-   -   Glaser (or Eglinton) coupling of a monomeric porphyrins        (generating a butadiyne linker)    -   Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling of two different compounds        (generating a butadiyne linker joining a block copolymer)    -   Sonogashira coupling of two different compounds (generating an        ethyne linker joining a block copolymer)    -   Heck or Witting reactions of two different compounds (generating        an alkene linker joining a block copolymer)    -   Suzuki coupling of two different compounds (generating a        phenylene or biphenyl linker joining a block copolymer)    -   We also can polymerize compounds bearing substituents such as        two or more thiophene groups (generating an oligothiophene        linker) or two or more pyrrole groups (generating a polypyrrole        linker).

The synthesis of the polymers can be performed using stepwise methods orusing polymerization methods. Both methods generally require tworeactive groups attached to the porphyrin in order to prepare a polymerwhere the porphyrins are integral components of the polymer backbone.(An alternative design yields pendant polymers where the porphyrins areattached via one linkage to the polymer backbone.) The stepwisesynthetic method generally requires the use of protecting groups to maskone reactive site, and one cycle of reactions then involves couplingfollowed by deprotection. In the polymerization method no protectinggroups are employed and the polymer is prepared in a one-flask process.

The polymerizations can take place in solution or can be performed withthe polymer growing from a surface. The polymerization can be performedbeginning with a solid support as in solid-phase peptide or DNAsynthesis, then removed, purified, and elaborated further for specificapplications. The polymerization can also be performed with the nascentpolymer attached to an electroactive surface, generating the desiredelectronic material in situ.

C. Bioconjugatable Groups.

Bioconjugatable groups may be included in compounds of the invention toprovide a reactive site for conjugation so that the compounds may becoupled to or conjugated to other groups, such as proteins, peptides,targeting agents such as antibodies, polymers, particles such asnanoparticles, organic, polymeric or inorganic beads, other solidsupport surfaces, etc, to form additional active compounds of theinvention. In general each group is attached to a linking groupincluding a linker which can be aryl, alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl(e.g., oligoethylene glycol), peptide, polysaccharide, etc. The linkinggroup may be simply a reactive attachment group or moiety (e.g., —R′where R′ is a reactive group such as bromo), or may comprise acombination of an intervening group coupled to a reactive group (e.g.,—R″R′, where R′ is a reactive group and R′ is an intervening group suchas a hydrophilic group).

For bioconjugation purposes, the choice of water-solubilizing group(s)and conjugation groups is made so as to achieve orthogonal coupling. Forexample, if a carboxylic acid is used for water solubility, an aldehydemight be used for bioconjugation (via reductive amination with anamino-substituted biomolecule). If a carboxylic acid is used forbioconjugation (via carbodiimide-activation and coupling with anamino-substituted biomolecule), then a complementary group can be usedfor water solubility (e.g., sulfonic acid, guanidium, pyridinium).Bioconjugatable groups include amines (including amine derivatives) suchas isocyanates, isothiocyanates, iodoacetamides, azides, diazoniumsalts, etc. acids or Acid derivatives such as N-hydroxysuccinimideesters (more generally, active esters derived from carboxylic acids;e.g., p-nitrophenyl ester), acid hydrazides, etc., and other linkinggroups such as aldehydes, sulfonyl chlorides, sulfonyl hydrazides,epoxides, hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, maleimides, aziridines,acryloyls, halo groups, biotin, 2-Iminobiotin, etc. Linking groups suchas the foregoing are known and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,728,129;6,657,884; 6,212,093; and 6,208,553.

Conjugates. Other groups can be attached to the compounds of theinvention to form a conjugate by means of a cross-coupling group orbioconjugatable group to tune or adjust the solubility properties of thecompound, including hydrophobic groups, hydrophilic groups, polargroups, or amphipathic groups. The polar groups include carboxylic acid,sulfonic acid, guanidinium, carbohydrate, hydroxy, amino acid,pyridinium, imidazolium, etc. Such groups can be attached tosubstituents that are linear or branched alkyl (e.g., swallowtail),aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl (e.g., oligoethylene glycol), peptide,polysaccharide, etc. Targeting groups such as antibodies, proteins,peptides, and nucleic acid may be attached by means of the linkinggroup. Particles such as nanoparticles, glass beads, etc. may beattached by means of the linking group. Where such additional compoundsare attached to form a conjugate they may be attached directly to thecompound or attached by means of an intervening group such as ahydrophilic group, depending upon the particular linking group employed(as noted above).

Hydrophilic groups. Compounds of the present invention may includehydrophilic groups coupled thereto as groups A and/or B, e.g.,covalently coupled thereto directly or by an intervening linker, tofacilitate delivery thereof, or improve stability, in accordance withknown techniques. Suitable hydrophilic groups are typically polyols orpolyalkylene oxide groups, including straight and branched-chainpolyols, with particular examples including but not limited topoly(propylene glycol), polyethylene-polypropylene glycol orpoly(ethylene glycol). The hydrophilic groups may have a number averagemolecular weight of 20,000 to 40,000 or 60,000. Suitable hydrophilicgroups and the manner of coupling thereof are known and described in,for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,179,337; 5,681,811; 6,524,570; 6,656,906;6,716,811; and 6,720,306. For example, compounds can be pegylated usinga single 40,000 molecular weight polyethylene glycol moiety that isattached to the compound by means of a linking group.

D. Reactions.

As noted above, the present invention provides a method of making aporphyrin of Formula I:

wherein:

A and B are each independently H or a suitable organic substituent(e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl,arylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido, cyano, hydroxyl, nitro,acyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, arylalkylamino,disubstituted amino, acylamino, acyloxy, amide, sulfonamide, urea,alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, hydrophilic groups, surface attachmentgroups, cross-coupling groups or bioconjugatable groups);

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl and aryl;

R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, halo, loweralkoxy, and loweralkylthio, aremore preferably H or halo, and are most preferably H; and

M is a metal or a pair of hydrogen atoms.

The method comprises: (a) condensing (i) a1,9-bis(N,N-)dialkylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane of Formula II:

wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently selected loweralkyl, andA, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as given above, with (ii) a dipyrromethaneof Formula III:

wherein B, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are as given above; in an alcohol solventcontaining a metal salt to produce a reaction product; and then (b)oxidizing the reaction product with an oxidizing agent and then (c)optionally demetallating the reaction product to produce the porphyrinof Formula I. The reaction conditions are not critical. Any suitablealcohol can be used as the solvent, including methanol, ethanol,propanol, isopropanol, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable metalsalts include but are not limited to zinc, palladium, copper, nickel andcobalt salts. Suitable oxidizing agents include quinone oxidizing agentssuch as dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ), p-chloranil, and o-chloranil.The demetallating step can be carried out in accordance with knowntechniques by treating or mixing the metallated compound with anysuitable acid (e.g., acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloricacid, sulfuric acid, etc.).

In some embodiments suitable groups “A” and “B” include but are notlimited to alkene, alkyne, alcohol, thiol, selenyl, phosphono,carboxylic acid, formyl, halo or amine group, which may be linkeddirectly to the parent molecule or indirectly by means of an interveninglinker group as noted above.

In some embodiments A is a bioconjugatable group and B is a hydrophilicgroup, or A is a hydrophilic group and B is a bioconjugatable group. Insuch embodiments either, or both, of A and B are aliphatic (includingany linker that is incorporated into the hydrophilic group orbioconjugatable group to couple it to the core molecule, and henceexcluding aromatic linkers).

A compound of Formula II as given above can be made by reacting adipyrromethane of Formula IV:

(wherein A, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as given above) with anN,N-dialkylmethylammonium halide of Formula V:

wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R¹ are as given above, and X is halo, in asuitable solvent to produce said compound of Formula II. The reactionconditions are not critical. Temperatures can be, for example, roomtemperature to 100° C. Suitable solvents are, in general, polar ornonpolar aprotic solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform,tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, toluene, acetonitrile, or mixturesthereof.

Compounds of Formulas III and IV can be made in accordance with knowntechniques for the synthesis of dipyrromethanes, or variations thereofthat will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. Compounds ofFormula V can be made in accordance with known techniques for theproduction of Eschenmoser's reagent, or variations thereof that will beapparent to persons skilled in the art.

E. Utility.

Porphyrins produced by the methods and intermediates described hereinare useful, among other things, for the production of polymers thereofwhich may be immobilized or coupled to a substrate and used as lightharvesting rods, light harvesting arrays, and solar cells, as describedfor example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,330 to Lindsey et al. or U.S. Pat.No. 6,420,648 to Lindsey. Compounds produced by the methods andintermediates of the invention are also useful immobilized to asubstrate for making charge storage molecules and information storagedevices containing the same. Such charge storage molecules andinformation storage devices are known and described in, for example,U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,553 to Gryko et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,169 toBocian et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,324,091 to Gryko et al. The compoundscan be coupled to substrates to form molecular batteries, molecularcapacitors and electrochromic displays as described in U.S. Pat. No.6,777,516 to Li et al. The porphyrin may comprise a member of a sandwichcoordination compound in the information storage molecule, such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,212,093 to Li et al., U.S. Pat. No.6,451,942 to Li et al., or U.S. Pat. No. 6,777,516 to Li et al.

Porphyrins produced by the methods of the invention are useful per se orin further modified form (e.g., as a salt, metallated compound,conjugate or prodrug) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in likemanner as other compounds described for photodynamic therapy, such asdescribed in US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0044197 toPandey et al.

The present invention is explained in greater detail in the followingnon-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES

We here report the synthesis of trans-AB-, trans-A₂-, and A-porphyrinsvia a [2+2] condensation of a bis(aminomethyl)dipyrromethane+adipyrromethane. The dipyrromethanes lack β-substituents.N,N-Dimethylaminomethylation of a dipyrromethane is achieved withEschenmoser's reagent. The survey of the scope of reaction encompassed14 dipyrromethanes and led to a survey of the synthesis of >40 zincporphyrins.

Synthesis of aminomethyl derivatives of 5-phenyldipyrromethane. A seriesof aminomethyl derivatives of 5-phenyldipyrromethane was prepared asshown in Scheme 2. Treatment of 5-phenyldipyrromethane (1a)¹⁸ withEschenmoser's reagent¹¹ at room temperature smoothly gave thedipyrromethane-bis(ammonium iodide) 2a, which was easily isolated byprecipitation upon addition of ethyl ether. Alternatively, treatment ofthe reaction mixture containing 2a with aqueous NaHCO₃ quantitativelygave the corresponding free amine,1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane (3a). The reaction of 3awith methyl iodide gave the quaternized ammonium salt 4a.

Optimization of the reaction conditions for porphyrin formation.Porphyrin formation via a [2+2] condensation was first examined by thereaction of free base bis(aminomethyl)dipyrromethane 3a+dipyrromethane1b¹⁹ under various conditions. In each case, the yield of porphyrin wasdetermined by absorption spectroscopy and the occurrence of scramblingwas assessed by laser-desorption mass spectrometry (LD-MS).^(20,21)Initially, several reagents (oxidant, acid, and metal template) wereexamined for the reaction in CH₂Cl₂/EtOH (3:1). The major findings areas follows:

(1) Oxidant: The condensation of 3a+1b in CH₂Cl₂/EtOH (3:1) under refluxfor 16 h (without any oxidant other than air) gave no porphyrin (Table1, Entry 1). However, further treatment of the reaction mixture with DDQafforded free base porphyrin 5ab in 7% yield (Entry 2). Smith employedK₃Fe(CN)₆ as an oxidant for porphyrin formation from abis(aminomethyl)pyrrole.¹⁴ Inclusion of K₃Fe(CN)₆ in the condensation of3a+1b afforded porphyrin 5ab in 5% yield (Entry 3). The yield increasedto 7% upon further oxidation with DDQ (Entry 4). No added catalyst isrequired for formation of the putative porphyrinogen; however, oxidationcannot be achieved with air or K₃Fe(CN)₆ but requires use of DDQ.

(2) Acid: Trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, acetic acid, orpropionic acid was examined as an acid catalyst (Entry 5). At roomtemperature, no porphyrin formation was observed.

(3) Metal template: The condensation of 3a+1b in the presence ofZn(OAc)₂ in CH₂Cl₂/EtOH (3:1) under reflux gave zinc porphyrin Zn5ab in2% yield (Entry 6). Oxidation of the reaction mixture with DDQ affordedZn5ab in up to 13% yield without scrambling (Entry 7). No free baseporphyrin was detected. This method provides a simple procedure for theformation of a trans-AB-porphyrin.

The required reagents for the porphyrin-forming reaction from abis(aminomethyl)dipyrromethane are Zn(OAc)₂ and DDQ. Furthermodification of the reaction conditions was investigated by changing thefollowing factors:

(4) Solvent: EtOH gave the best result out of six solvents that wereexamined (THF, MeOH, toluene, CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, EtOH). In alcohol solvents,the reaction proceeded rapidly and was complete in 1 h. A longerreaction time was required with halogenated solvents.

(5) Amount of Zn(OAc)₂: The highest yield of porphyrin was obtained when10 molar equivalents of Zn(OAc)₂ was used. The yield decreased to onethird with a stoichiometric amount of Zn(OAc)₂.

(6) Concentration: The effects of reactant concentration were examinedover the range from 1 mM to 316 mM. The highest yield (˜12%spectroscopic yield) was obtained at 10 mM (FIG. 1A).

(7) Reaction time: The yield of porphyrin as a function of time uponcondensation of 3a and 1b (to form porphyrin Zn5ab) is shown in FIG. 1B.The condensation was essentially complete within ˜2 h.

From these studies, the best conditions for porphyrin formation are asfollows: 3a (10 mM), 1b (10 mM), and Zn(OAc)₂ (10 equiv) in EtOH underreflux for 2 h, followed by treatment with DDQ (¾ equiv per pyrrolicunit) at room temp for 15 min. Application of this method affordedtrans-AB-porphyrin Zn5ab in 16% yield without detectable scrambling.

TABLE 1 Effect of reagents in porphyrin formation via 3a + 1b^(a)

Entry Reagent 1 Reagent 2 Product Yield (%)^(b) 1 — — — 0 2 — DDQ^(c)5ab 7 3 K₃Fe(CN)₆ — 5ab 5 4 K₃Fe(CN)₆ DDQ^(c) 5ab 7 5 acid^(d) DDQ^(c) —0 6 Zn(OAc)₂ — Zn5ab 2 7 Zn(OAc)₂ DDQ^(c) Zn5ab 13 ^(a)Reactionconditions: 10 mM reactants in CH₂Cl₂/EtOH (3:1) under reflux exposed toair for 18 h in the presence or absence of reagents [K₃Fe(CN)₆ (0.1, 1,or 10 equiv) or Zn(OAc)₂ (10 equiv)]. ^(b)The yields of porphyrin werecalculated upon absorption spectroscopy of small aliquots from thereaction mixture. ^(c)Following the general reaction condition, thereaction mixture was treated with ¾ equiv of DDQ per pyrrole unit (30mM). ^(d)Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), aceticacid, or propionic acid.

Reactivity of free base amine (3a) versus ammonium salts (2a and 4a) ofdipyrromethanes. The reactivity of free base amine (3a) versus aminesalt (2a or 4a) was examined under the optimized conditions describedabove and also in the absence of Zn(OAc)₂ and/or DDQ (Table 2). Thehighest yields were obtained for all three substrates (2a, 3a, 4a) uponuse of both Zn(OAc)₂ and DDQ. This result was somewhat surprising,because we anticipated that the quaternized ammonium salt might react inthe absence of Zn(OAc)₂. With either Zn(OAc)₂ or DDQ present, thebis(ammonium) salts of the dipyrromethane (2a, 4a) exhibited reactivitycomparable to each other and greater than that of the free base amine3a. However, the highest yield overall was observed with the free baseamine derivative 3a. All subsequent porphyrin-forming reactions wereperformed with free base 1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethaneanalogues of 3a.

TABLE 2 Effect of reagents and amine [free amine (3a) versus amine salt(2a or 4a)] in porphyrin formation^(a)

Yield (%)^(b) Step (1): — — Zn(OAc)₂ Zn(OAc)₂ Substrate Step (2): — DDQ— DDQ 2a  1 (5ab) 6 (5ab) 4 Zn5ab)^(c) 10 (Zn5ab) 3a  0 0 0 13 (Zn5ab)4a <1 (5ab) 6 (5ab) 2 (Zn5ab)  8 (Zn5ab) ^(a)Reaction conditions: 10 mMreactants and 10 equiv of Zn(OAc)₂ in EtOH under reflux exposed to airfor 18 h, then treated with ¾ equiv of DDQ per pyrrole unit (30 mM).^(b)The yields of porphyrin were calculated using absorptionspectroscopy by removing small aliquots from the reaction mixture.^(c)LD-MS showed the presence of free base porphyrin 5ab.

Synthesis of trans-AB-, trans-A₂-, and A-porphyrins. Probingaryl/alkyl/H substituents. A series of known dipyrromethanes(1a-n)^(1,18,19,22-31) was prepared by application of a new solventlesssynthesis that entails treatment of an aldehyde dissolved in 100 equivof pyrrole with a mild Lewis acid (InCl₃) at room temperature.³² Eachdipyrromethane (1a-n) was reacted with Eschenmoser's reagent at roomtemperature followed by workup with aqueous NaHCO₃ (aqueous K₂CO₃ wasused for the synthesis of 3i), affording the corresponding free base1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-dipyrromethane (3a-n) in 43% to 91%yield (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Synthesis of 5-substituted-1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethanes 3a-n^(a)

R Yield %)^(b) R Yield (%)^(b) a

68 h

83 b

91 i

63 c

64 j

75 d

85 k

43 e

87 l

81 f

68 m

66 g

87 n

86 ^(a)Reaction conditions: 100 mM dipyrromethane 1a-n and 2 equiv ofEschenmoser's reagent in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature for 1 h, then washedwith saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (K₂CO₂ 1i). ^(b)Isolated yield.

The scope of porphyrin formation was examined using the1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethanes (Scheme 3, Table 4).Emphasis was placed on (1) variation of the substituents, (2) assessmentof any scrambling processes, and (3) yields of porphyrin. Altogether,the preparation of 28 trans-AB-porphyrins was examined. The yields ofporphyrin were determined spectroscopically and ranged from <1% to 19%depending on the substituents and combination of the dipyrromethaneprecursors. Note that a given porphyrin can be made in two ways byswitching the combination of the1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-dipyrromethane (3) and dipyrromethane(1). For example, 1e+3d afforded the zinc porphyrin Zn5de in <1% yieldwhile 1d+3e gave Zn5de in 15% yield. In all cases where the better ofthe two possible combinations was employed, the yields ranged from 12%to 19%. In those cases where the porphyrin was isolated (Zn5ab andZn5ac), the isolated yields compared well with the spectroscopic yield.Scrambling was observed only in the reaction of5-(pentafluorophenyl)dipyrromethane(1e)+1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-pentyldipyrromethane (3g) (8%yield, level 2 scrambling). The scrambling problem could be overcome byreversal of the substituents; thus, reaction of 1g+3e afforded the sametarget porphyrin in 15% yield with no detectable scrambling.

In general, the reaction of 5-(pentafluorophenyl)dipyrromethane (1e)proceeded in low yield and/or scrambling whereas the samemeso-substituent could be well accommodated upon use of1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-(pentafluorophenyl)-dipyrromethane(3e). Taken together, the results upon condensation of adipyrromethane+1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane aresuperior to those of the reaction of a1,9-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5-substituted-dipyrromethane+a5-substituted-dipyrromethane, which resulted in extensive scrambling.³

TABLE 4 Formation of trans-AB- and A-Porphyrins Zn5 via 3a-g,i +1a-g,i^(a) 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e

3f methyl 3g n-pentyl 3i H 1a

— 13 11 11 18 7 15 5 1b

14 (16^(b)) — 11  9 13 6 16 5 1c

18 (15^(b)) 18 — 10 18 12  16 6 1d

12 13 12 — 15 6 14 5 1e

<1  6^(c) <1 <1 — 4  8^(c) 2 1f methyl 13 13 16 12 12 — 16 4 1g n-pentyl18 16 16 15 15 11  — 8 1i H 13 19 14 11  8 9 16 — ^(a)The yields ofporphyrin were determined by absorption spectroscopy of small aliquotsfrom the reaction mixture. All reactions gave level 0 scrambling(detected by LD-MS analysis) unless noted otherwise. Reactionconditions: 10 mM reactants and 10 equiv of Zn(OAc)₂ in EtOH underreflux exposed to air for 3 h, then treated with ¾ equiv of DDQ perpyrrole unit (30 mM). The combination that gives the better yield ofporphyrin is underlined. ^(b)Isolated yield. ^(c)Level 2 scrambling.

The results illustrate the effects of substituents (alkyl or aryl) onthe yields of the trans-AB-porphyrins and the relative reactivity ofthose groups when present on the dipyrromethane (1) versus1,9-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)-dipyrromethane (3). The yields of porphyrinare insensitive to the presence of an alkyl versus aryl group on eitherdipyrromethane or 1,9-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)-dipyrromethane reactants.However, in the synthesis of porphyrins bearing only onemeso-substituent (A-porphyrin), the combination of unsubstituteddipyrromethane and 5-substituted1,9-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane affords higher yields thanthe reverse combination.

Synthesis of trans-AB-, trans-A₂-, and A-porphyrins. Scope with diversesubstituents. We examined the synthesis of a series of trans-AB-,trans-A₂-, and A-porphyrins bearing diverse substituents (Table 5). Eachporphyrin was purified by short passage over a pad of silica.5-(p-Tolyl)dipyrromethane (1b) was reacted with a series of1,9-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)-dipyrromethanes bearing diversesubstituents 3j-m, including acetal,²⁷ allyl,²⁷ swallowtail,²⁸ andcarboethoxy³⁰ groups. In each case, no scrambling was observed and theisolated yields of the trans-AB-porphyrins ranged from 5-15%. In thesame manner, a trans-AB-porphyrin (Zn5gh) bearing two alkyl groups wasprepared in 17% yield. When a 5-TMS-ethynyldipyrromethane (1n) wasemployed, the yield of porphyrin was low (Zn5an and Zn5jn). Very littlechange was obtained upon use of the TMS-ethynyl unit in thebis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane species.

TABLE 5 Synthesis of trans-AB-, A₂—, and A-Porphyrins Zn5 with diversesubstituents^(a) Yield Bis(aminomethyl) dipyrromethane DipyrromethanePorphyrin (%)^(b) trans-AB-Porphyrin 3j

1b

Zn5bj 10 3k

1b

Zn5bk 14 31

1b

Zn5bl 15 3m

1b

Zn5bm 5 3g

1h

Zn5gh 17 3a

1n

Zn5an 6 3j

1n

Zn5jn 1 A-Porphyrin 3j

1i

Zn5ij 12 3k

1i

Zn5ik 17 3l

1i

Zn5il 20 3m

1i

Zn5im 5 trans-A₂-Porphyrin 3l

1l

Zn5ll 15 ^(a)All reactions give level 0 scrambling (assessed by LD-MSanalysis). Reaction conditions: 10 mM reactants and 10 equiv of Zn(OAc)₂in refluxing EtOH exposed to air for 2 h, then treated with ¾ equiv ofDDQ per pyrrole unit (30 mM). ^(b)Isolated yields.

A similar series of reactions was performed with unsubstituteddipyrromethane (1i) and 5-substituted1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethanes 3j-m. The correspondingA-porphyrins (Zn5ij, Zn5ik, Zn5il, and Zn5im) were obtained in yields of5-20%. Trans-AB-porphyrins bearing a single swallowtail substituent(Zn5bl and Zn5il) were obtained smoothly. A trans-A₂-porphyrin (Zn5 ll)was obtained by using a dipyrromethane and abis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-dipyrromethane each bearing swallowtailsubstituents at the 5-position. The success of these approaches is incontrast to the failure encountered upon attempted reaction of adipyrromethane-1-carbinol bearing a swallowtail substituent at the1-position.²⁹

In general, the substituents that can be introduced with this method arequite diverse and open up a number of applications. The acetal group(Zn5bj, Zn5ij) can be converted to an aldehyde,²⁷ the allyl group(Zn5bk, Zn5ik) can be used for surface attachment,²⁸ the swallowtailgroup (Zn5bl, Zn5il Zn5ll) can suppress aggregation and thereby increasethe solubility of the porphyrin,²⁹ and the ester (Zn5bm, Zn5im) providesa motif for apical coordination in self-assembly processes.

Examples 1-30 Experimental

General. All ¹H NMR (400 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (100 MHz) spectra wereobtained in CDCl₃ unless noted otherwise. Porphyrins were analyzed bylaser desorption mass spectrometry without a matrix (LD-MS).²¹ Fast atombombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) data are reported for themolecule ion or protonated molecule ion. Column chromatography wasperformed with flash silica. Each new compound (except salt 4a) was >95%pure as determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. For each zinc porphyrin, onlythe principal absorption maxima are reported.

Nonocommercial compounds. The dipyrromethanes 1a,¹⁸ 1b,¹⁸ 1c,²² 1d,²³1e,²⁴ 1f,²⁵ 1g,¹⁹ 1h,¹1i,²⁶ 1j,²⁷ 1k,²⁸ 1l,²⁹ 1m,³⁰ 1n³¹ were preparedusing a new method that entails reaction of an aldehyde in 100equivalents of pyrrole containing a Lewis acid (e.g., InCl₃).³²

Spectroscopic yield determinations. Yields of porphyrin-formingreactions were determined by removal of aliquots from the reactionmixture, treatment with DDQ, followed by absorption spectroscopy of theoxidized product. For example, an ethanol solution of 3a (1.00 mL, 20.0mM stock solution, 20.0 μmol of 3a) and an ethanol solution of 1b (1.00mL, 20.0 mM stock solution, 20.0 μmol of 1b) were combined and treatedwith Zn(OAc)₂ (36.6 mg, 200 μmol), affording [3a]=[1a]=10 mM. Thereaction mixture was refluxed for a designated period. A sample of DDQ(13.6 mg, 60.0 μmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 10 min atroom temperature, then triethylamine (13 μL, 100 μmol) was added. Analiquot (25 μL) of the reaction mixture was removed and diluted with THF(500 μL, 21 times dilution), then 50 μL of this diluted reaction mixturewas added to a cuvette containing 3.00 mL of THF (61 times dilution) andthe absorption spectrum was recorded (total dilution 1281 times). Theyield of the porphyrin was determined by the intensity of the Soret band(412 nm, ε=500,000 M⁻¹cm⁻¹) measured from the apex to the base of thered edge of the band. In this manner, a Soret band absorption of 1.00corresponded to a porphyrin yield of 26%.

Examples 1-2 Standard Procedures Example 1

Aminomethylation of a dipyrromethane, exemplified for1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-phenyldipyrromethane (3a). A solutionof 1a (667 mg, 3.00 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) at room temperature wastreated with N,N-dimethylmethyleneammonium iodide (Eschenmoser'sreagent; employed as a fine powder; 1.17 g, 6.30 mmol). After 1 h,CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) were added to the reactionmixture. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and then concentrated todryness. Addition of hexanes/CH₂Cl₂ afforded a precipitate, which uponfiltration was obtained as a pale yellow solid (600 mg, 59%): mp 76-78°C.; ¹H NMR δ 2.17 (s, 12H), 3.33 (s, 4H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 5.72-5.74 (m,2H), 5.89-5.91 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.31 (m, 5H), 8.07-8.18 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ44.3, 45.0, 56.7, 106.8, 107.3, 126.7, 128.36, 128.48, 128.9, 132.5,142.4; Anal. Calcd for C₂₁H₂₈N₄: C, 74.96; H, 8.39; N, 16.65. Found: C,74.76; H, 8.63; N, 16.27.

Example 2

Porphyrin formation from 1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethanes, exemplified for Zn(II)-5-mesityl-15-phenylporphyrin(Zn5ac) via 3a+1c. A solution of 3a (168 mg, 0.500 mmol) and5-mesityldipyrromethane (1c, 132 mg, 0.500 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) atroom temperature was treated with Zn(OAc)₂ (917 mg, 5.00 mmol). Themixture was heated to reflux. After 2 h, the reaction mixture wasallowed to cool to room temperature. A sample of DDQ (340 mg, 1.50 mmol)was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. Triethylamine (355 μL,2.50 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was concentrated todryness. Column chromatography [silica, hexane/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1)] afforded apurple solid (42.4 mg, 15%): ¹H NMR δ 1.85 (s, 6H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 7.34(s, 2H), 7.80-7.82 (m, 3H), 8.25-8.28 (m, 2H), 9.00 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H),9.14 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 9.41 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 9.45 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H),10.30 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 21.7, 22.0, 106.1, 118.7, 120.2, 126.9, 127.7,128.0, 131.6, 131.9, 132.5, 132.7, 134.8, 137.8, 139.0, 139.6, 142.9,149.65, 149.74, 150.17, 150.31; Anal Calcd for C₃₅H₂₆N₄Zn: C, 74.01; H,4.61; N, 9.86. Found: C, 74.27; H, 4.72; N, 9.53. LD-MS obsd 565.9,Calcd 566.14 (C₃₅H₂₆N₄Zn); λ_(abs) 412, 544 nm.

Examples 3-17 Synthesis of 1,9-Dialkylated Dipyrromethanes Example 3

Hydroiodide salt of1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-phenyldipyrromethane (2a). A solutionof 1a (222 mg, 1.00 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 Ml) at room temperature wastreated with N,N-dimethylmethyleneammonium iodide (fine powder form; 389mg, 2.10 mmol). After 1 h, the mixture was diluted with ethyl ether (30Ml), causing formation of a precipitate. A pale yellow solid (542 mg,91%) was collected by filtration: mp 138-140° C.; ¹H NMR δ 2.97 (d,J=5.2 Hz, 12H), 4.54 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 4H), 5.45 (s, 1H), 5.79-5.81 (m, 2H),6.19-6.21 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.29 (m, 5H), 8.90-9.10 (br, 2H), 10.40 (s, 2H);¹³C NMR δ 43.03, 43.08, 44.6, 55.2, 108.9, 113.6, 118.2, 126.7, 128.43,128.54, 135.0, 143.0; FAB-MS obsd 465.18, calcd 465.16 [(M−I)⁺](M=C₂₁H₃₀IN₄).

Example 4

Hydroiodide salt of1,9-bis(N,N-trimethylaminomethyl)-5-phenyldipyrromethane (4a). Asolution of 3a (336 mg, 1.00 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 Ml) was treatedwith CH₃I (3.00 mmol) at room temperature in 1 h. The reaction mixturewas filtered, washed with a small amount of cold THF, and concentratedto dryness, affording a pale yellow solid (400 mg, 65%, >80% pure): mp186-188° C.; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 3.37 (s, 18H), 4.80 (s, 4H), 5.90 (s,1H), 6.18 (s, 2H), 6.69 (s, 2H), 7.60-7.76 (m, 5H), 11.50-11.68 (br,2H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 43.2, 51.4, 54.37, 54.41, 61.8, 107.9, 113.6,118.1, 126.7, 128.1, 128.4, 135.8, 1425.4; FAB-MS obsd 493.21; calcd493.18 [(M−I)⁺] (M=C₂₃H₃₄IN₄).

Example 5

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-(p-tolyl)dipyrromethane (3b).Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1b afforded apale yellow solid (320 mg, 91%): mp 62-64° C.; ¹H NMR δ 2.17 (s, 12H),2.32 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.38 (m, 4H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 5.74-5.75 (m, 2H),5.90-5.91 (m, 2H), 7.09 (s, 4H), 8.27-8.35 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 21.3,44.1, 45.2, 56.9, 106.8, 107.6, 128.4, 128.9, 129.4, 133.1, 136.5,139.6; FAB-MS obsd 350.2483, calcd 350.2470 (C₂₂H₃₀N₄).

Example 6

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-mesityldipyrromethane (3c). Followingthe standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1c afforded a paleyellow solid (240 mg, 64%): mp 43-45° C.; ¹H NMR δ 2.09 (s, 6H), 2.18(s, 12H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 3.34 (s, 4H), 5.77-5.79 (m, 2H), 5.82 (s, 1H),5.92-5.93 (m, 2H), 6.83 (s, 2H), 8.18-8.34 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 20.91,21.03, 38.9, 45.1, 56.8, 106.4, 108.0, 127.9, 130.4, 131.7, 135.1,136.4, 137.7; FAB-MS obsd 378.2785, calcd 378.2783 (C₂₄H₃₄N₄).

Example 7

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)dipyrromethane (3d).Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1d afforded apale yellow solid (310 mg, 85%): mp 65-66° C.; ¹H NMR δ 2.15 (s, 12H),3.28-3.36 (m, 4H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 5.71-5.73 (m, 2H),5.90-5.91 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.82 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.11 (m, 2H), 8.30-8.45 (br,2H); ¹³C NMR δ 43.6, 45.2, 55.5, 56.9, 106.9, 107.6, 114.0, 128.9,129.6, 133.3, 134.8, 158.5; FAB-MS obsd 366.2411, calcd 366.2420(C₂₂H₃₀N₄O).

Example 8

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-(pentafluorophenyl)dipyrromethane(3e). Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1eafforded a yellow solid (370 mg, 87%): mp 38-40° C.; ¹H NMR δ 2.19 (s,12H), 3.30-3.41 (m, 4H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.87-5.88 (m, 2H), 5.94-5.95 (m,2H), 8.50-8.60 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 33.5, 45.2, 56.8, 107.3, 107.9,116.2-116.5 (m), 128.3, 129.8, 136.5-136.8 (m), 139.0-139.3 (m, twopeaks were overlapped), 141.5-141.8 (m), 143.8-144.0 (m), 146.3-146.4(m); FAB-MS obsd 426.1825, calcd 426.1843 (C₂₁H₂₃F₅N₄).

Example 9

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-methyldipyrromethane (3f). Followingthe standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1f afforded a paleyellow solid (140 mg, 51%): mp 113-115° C.; ¹H NMR δ 1.57 (d, J=8.0 Hz,3H), 2.16 (s, 12H), 3.32 (s, 4H), 4.07-4.12 (m, 1H), 5.87-5.91 (m, 4H),8.12-8.24 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 20.6, 32.1, 45.1, 56.8, 104.2, 107.4,128.4, 135.2; FAB-MS obsd 274.31, calcd 274.22 (C₁₆H₂₆N₄).

Example 10

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-n-pentyldipyrromethane (3g).Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1g afforded abrown oil (290 mg, 87%): ¹H NMR δ 0.85 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.27 (s, 6H),1.92-1.94 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 12H), 3.59-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.92-3.95 (m, 1H),5.89-5.90 (m, 2H), 5.97-5.98 (m, 2H), 9.10-9.24 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ14.3, 22.8, 27.5, 31.9, 34.8, 38.2, 45.2, 56.9, 105.0, 107.4, 128.5,134.1; FAB-MS obsd 330.2774, calcd 330.2783 (C₂₀H₃₄N₄).

Example 11

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-n-hexyldipyrromethane (3h). Followingthe standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1 h afforded a yellowsolid (278 mg, 80%): mp 88-90° C.; ¹H NMR δ 0.85 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 3H),1.24-1.29 (m, 8H), 1.89-1.91 (m, 2H), 2.16 (s, 12H), 3.29-3.37 (m, 4H),3.88 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.87-5.90 (m, 4H), 8.10-8.20 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ14.3, 22.8, 27.8, 29.4, 31.9, 34.7, 38.1, 45.2, 56.9, 105.0, 107.4,128.4, 134.1; FAB-MS obsd 344.2859, calcd 344.2940 (C₂₁H₃₆N₄).

Example 12

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane (31). Following thestandard procedure with slight modification (K₂CO₃ was used instead ofNaHCO₃), reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1i afforded a pale yellow solid (152mg, 63%): mp 74-76° C.; ¹H NMR δ 2.17 (s, 12H), 3.33 (s, 4H), 3.84 (s,2H), 5.82-5.83 (m, 2H), 5.88-5.90 (m, 2H), 8.55-8.70 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ27.0, 45.2, 56.9, 105.9, 107.8, 128.6, 129.7; FAB-MS obsd 261.2091,calcd 261.2079 (C₁₅H₂₄N₄).

Example 13

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-(5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)dipyrromethane(3j). A solution of Fb8a (353 mg, 0.500 mmol) in THF (60 m Following thestandard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1j afforded a colorlesssolid (280 mg, 75%): mp 92-94° C.; ¹H NMR δ 0.72 (s, 3H), 1.12 (s, 3H),2.18 (s, 12H), 3.32 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.41 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.48(d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H),4.80 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 5.79-5.81 (m, 2H), 5.88-5.89 (m, 2H), 8.80-8.90(br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 22.0, 23.2, 30.5, 42.6, 45.2, 57.0, 103.7, 107.0,107.2, 128.8, 129.5; FAB-MS obsd 374.2680, calcd 374.2682 (C₂₁H₃₄N₄O₂).

Example 14

5-Allyl-1,9-bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethane (3k). Followingthe standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1k afforded a brown oil(130 mg, 43%): ¹H NMR δ 2.14 (s, 12H), 2.68-2.72 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.33 (m,4H), 4.00-4.03 (m, 1H), 4.98-5.08 (m, 2H), 5.76-5.83 (m, 1H), 5.89-5.90(m, 4H), 8.20-8.40 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 38.2, 39.3, 45.2, 56.9, 105.2,107.5, 116.7, 128.6, 133.4, 136.8; FAB-MS obsd 300.2308, calcd 300.2314(C₁₈H₂₈N₄).

Example 15

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-(tridec-7-yl)dipyrromethane (31).Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1l afforded abrown oil (180 mg, 81%): ¹H NMR δ 0.86 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 1.13-1.35 (m,20H), 1.81-1.91 (m, 1H), 2.16 (s, 12H), 3.30 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.39(d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 5.85-5.86 (m, 2H), 5.89-5.90(m, 2H), 8.15-8.33 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 14.3, 22.9, 27.2, 29.9, 31.6,32.1, 41.8, 42.1, 45.1, 56.9, 105.9, 107.5, 127.9, 132.9; FAB-MS obsd442.4033, calcd 442.4035 (C₂₈H₅₀N₄).

Example 16

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)dipyrromethane (3m).Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1m afforded abrown oil (230 mg, 69%): ¹H NMR δ 1.27 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.17 (s, 12H),3.28 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (q, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 5.89-5.93 (m, 4H), 8.80-9.00 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ14.3, 44.6, 45.1, 56.7, 61.8, 106.9, 107.8, 127.2, 129.4, 171.6; FAB-MSobsd 333.2291, calcd 332.2212 (C₁₈H₂₈N₄O₂).

Example 17

1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-5-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]dipyrromethane(3n). Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 1nafforded a brown solid (290 mg, 81%): mp 73-76° C.; ¹H NMR δ 0.19 (s,9H), 2.18 (s, 12H), 3.35 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 4H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 5.90-5.91 (m,2H), 5.96-5.97 (m, 2H), 8.30-8.40 (br, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 0.2, 31.6, 45.2,56.8, 87.7, 104.1, 106.0, 107.6, 129.1, 129.4.

Examples 18-30 Synthesis of Zn(II)Porphyrins Example 18

Zn(II)-5-(4-Methylphenyl)-15-phenylporphyrin (Zn5ab) via 3a+1b.Following the standard procedure, reaction of 0.500 mmol of 3a and 1bafforded a purple solid (43 mg, 16%): ¹H NMR δ 2.75 (s, 2H), 7.58-7.62(m, 2H), 7.77-7.83 (m, 2H), 8.13-8.18 (m, 2H), 8.26-8.29 (m, 2H),9.11-9.15 (m, 2H), 9.15-9.19 (m, 2H), 9.41-9.47 (m, 2H), 10.31 (s, 2H);¹³C NMR δ 21.7, 106.6, 120.3, 120.6, 127.4, 128.1, 128.2, 132.2, 132.3,132.7, 132.9, 135.7, 135.8, 137.8, 141.6, 144.6, 150.61, 150.64, 151.0,151.2; LD-MS obsd 538.5; FAB-MS obsd 538.1150, calcd 538.1136(C₃₃H₂₂N₄Zn); λ_(abs) 413, 539 nm.

Example 19

Zn(II)-5-(5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-15-(4-methylphenyl)porphyrin(Zn5bj) via 3j+1b. Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00mmol of 3j and 1b afforded a purple solid (58.0 mg, 10%): ¹H NMR δ 1.17(s, 3H), 2.00 (s, 3H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 4.30-4.39 (m, 4H), 7.60 (d, J=8.0Hz, 2H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 9.18 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H),9.43 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 9.56 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 10.18 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H),10.34 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (THF-d₈) δ 21.7, 23.0, 31.7, 80.8, 106.4, 108.0,113.2, 121.5, 128.1, 131.8, 132.0, 132.5, 132.9, 135.6, 137.8, 141.6,150.36, 150.48, 150.51, 151.3; LD-MS obsd 575.9; FAB-MS obsd 576.1519,calcd 576.1504 (C₃₃H₂₈N₄O₂Zn); λ_(abs) 409, 541 nm.

Example 20

Zn(II)-5-Allyl-15-(4-methylphenyl)porphyrin (Zn5bk) via 3k+1b. Followingthe standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3k and 1b afforded apurple solid (70.0 mg, 14%): ¹H NMR δ 2.75 (s, 3H), 5.15-5.20 (m, 2H),5.73-5.75 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.88 (m, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.15 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 9.13 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 9.36-9.37 (m, 4H), 9.59 (d, J=4.0Hz, 2H), 10.13 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (THF-d₈) δ 21.8, 40.0, 106.12, 106.18,115.5, 116.6, 120.1, 128.1, 130.4, 132.2, 132.72, 132.81, 135.7, 137.7,141.7, 143.7, 150.26, 150.44, 151.26, 151.42; LD-MS obsd 501.9; FAB-MSobsd 502.1118, calcd 502.1136 (C₃₀H₂₂N₄Zn); λ_(abs) 412, 545 nm.

Example 21

Zn(II)-5-(4-Methylphenyl)-15-(tridec-7-yl)porphyrin (Zn5bl) via 3l+1b.Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3l and 1bafforded a purple solid (100 mg, 15%): ¹H NMR δ 0.69-0.72 (m, 6H),1.06-1.11 (m, 12H), 1.33-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.66 (m, 2H), 2.75 (s, 3H),2.80-2.89 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.10 (m, 2H), 5.38-5.42 (m, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.6Hz, 2H), 8.13 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 9.12-9.14 (m, 2H), 9.39-9.40 (m, 2H),9.50-9.53 (m, 2H), 9.90 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 9.99 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 10.26(s, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 14.2, 21.8, 22.7, 29.9, 31.9, 43.0, 47.4, 105.7,106.0, 119.7, 125.0, 127.6, 130.3, 131.3, 131.69, 131.72, 132.1, 132.5,132.74, 134.77, 137.3, 139.9, 147.7, 149.1, 149.4, 149.72, 149.74,150.53, 150.58, 152.0; LD-MS obsd 644.7; FAB-MS obsd 644.2899, calcd644.2857 (C₄₀H₄₄N₄Zn); λ_(abs) 412, 545 nm.

Example 22

Zn(II)-5-Ethoxycarbonyl-15-(4-methylphenyl)porphyrin (Zn5bm) via 3 m+1b.Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3m and 1bafforded a purple solid (25.0 mg, 5%): ¹H NMR (THF-d₈) δ 1.82 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 5.08 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),8.11 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 9.04 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 9.38 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H),9.49 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 9.66 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 10.30 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR(THF-d₈) δ 14.4, 20.8, 62.2, 106.71, 106.83, 107.3, 127.2, 131.11,131.15, 132.40, 132.53, 134.7, 137.1, 140.4, 149.2, 149.70, 149.77,150.1, 172.2; LD-MS obsd 535.6; FAB-MS obsd 534.1059, calcd 534.1034(C₃₀H₂₂N₄O₂Zn); λ_(abs) 410, 541 nm.

Example 23

Zn(II)-5-Hexyl-15-n-pentylporphyrin (Zn5gh) from 3g+1 h. Following thestandard procedure, reaction of 0.600 mmol of 3g and 1 h afforded apurple solid (80.0 mg, 17%): ¹H NMR δ 0.94-1.03 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.46 (m,2H), 1.51-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.83-1.88 (m, 4H), 2.54-2.59 (m, 4H), 4.94-4.98(m, 4H), 9.34 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 4H), 9.58 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 4H), 10.00 (s, 2H);¹³C NMR (THF-d₈) δ 13.7, 13.8, 22.9, 23.0, 30.4, 32.3, 32.9, 35.28,35.34, 39.1, 39.4, 104.5, 118.81, 118.82, 128.8, 131.6, 148.9, 150.3;LD-MS obsd 526.6; FAB-MS obsd 526.2088, calcd 526.2075 (C₃₁H₃₄N₄Zn);λ_(abs) 411, 546 nm.

Example 24

Zn(II)-5-Phenyl-15-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]porphyrin (Zn5an) from3a+1n. Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3a and1n afforded a purple solid (30.1 mg, 6%): ¹H NMR (THF-d₈) δ 0.69 (s,9H), 7.79-7.81 (m, 3H), 8.22-8.24 (m, 2H), 8.79 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 9.34(d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 9.45 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 9.85 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 10.22(s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (THF-d₈) δ 0.8, 98.5, 100.2, 106.0, 107.7, 122.5,127.5, 128.4, 131.9, 132.3, 133.13, 133.24, 135.6, 135.8, 144.3, 150.5,150.8, 151.0, 153.6; LD-MS obsd 545.5; FAB-MS obsd 544.1061, calcd544.1062 (C₃₁H₂₄N₄SiZn); λ_(abs) 424, 556, 595 nm.

Example 25

Zn(II)-5-(5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-15-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]porphyrin(Zn5jn) from 3j+1n. Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00mmol of 3j and 1n afforded a purple solid (5.70 mg, 1%): ¹H NMR δ 7.98(s, 2H), 9.30.(d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 9.40 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 9.75 (d, J=4.0Hz, 2H), 10.08 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 10.11 (s, 2H); LD-MS obsd 583.406;FAB-MS obsd 582.1473, calcd 582.1429 (C₃₁H₃₀N₄O₂SiZn); λ_(abs) 417, 551,587 nm.

Example 26

Zn(II)-5-(5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)porphyrin (Zn51j) from 3j+1i.Following the standard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3j and 1iafforded a purple solid (56.0 mg, 12%): ¹H NMR δ 1.17 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s,3H), 4.30-4.40 (m, 4H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 9.41 (s, 4H), 9.53 (d, J=4.0 Hz,2H), 10.15 (s, 1H), 10.19 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 10.25 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR(THF-d₈) δ 21.6, 30.3, 79.4, 104.4, 104.6, 106.6, 108.8, 112.1, 129.6,130.5, 130.9, 131.1, 131.4, 132.3, 133.7, 148.52, 148.59, 148.87,148.90, 149.1, 149.5, 150.3, 152.6; LD-MS obsd 485.6; FAB-MS obsd486.1057, calcd 486.1034 (C₂₆H₂₂N₄O₂Zn); λ_(abs) 403, 535 nm.

Example 27

Zn(II)-5-Allylporphyrin (Zn51k) from 3k+1i. Following the standardprocedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3k and 1i afforded a purple solid(71.2 mg, 17%): ¹H NMR δ 5.17-5.22 (m, 2H), 5.94-5.96 (m, 2H), 6.89-6.96(m, 1H), 9.46-9.47 (m, 6H), 9.72-9.73 (m, 2H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 10.19 (s,2H); ¹³C NMR (THF-d₈) δ 41.0, 105.51, 105.54, 106.42, 106.46, 116.4,117.9, 131.2, 133.56, 133.63, 133.65, 144.6, 151.1, 151.4, 151.91,152.03; LD-MS obsd 412.1; FAB-MS obsd 412.0632, calcd 412.0666(C₂₃H₁₆N₄Zn); λ_(abs) 406, 538 nm.

Example 28

Zn(II)-5-(Tridec-7-yl)porphyrin (Zn5il) from 3l+1i. Following thestandard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3l and 1i afforded a purplesolid (123 mg, 22%): ¹H NMR δ 0.67-0.70 (m, 6H), 1.02-1.17 (m, 12H),1.33-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.64 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.89 (m, 2H), 3.01-3.07 (m,2H), 5.40-5.44 (m, 1H), 9.42-9.46 (m, 4H), 9.51 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 9.54(d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 9.92 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 10.01 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H),10.13 (s, 1H), 10.25 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 14.2, 22.8, 29.9, 31.9, 43.1,47.5, 103.8, 105.0, 105.2, 125.5, 130.2, 131.2, 131.63, 131.77, 131.83,131.98, 132.01, 147.4, 148.7, 148.9, 149.2, 149.55, 149.60, 151.5; LD-MSobsd 555.8; FAB-MS obsd 554.2439, calcd 554.2388 (C₃₃H₃₈N₄Zn); λ_(abs)406, 538 nm.

Example 29

Zn(II)-5-Ethoxycarbonylporphyrin (Zn51m) from 3m+1i. Following thestandard procedure, reaction of 1.00 mmol of 3m and 1i afforded a purplesolid (22.0 mg, 5%): ¹H NMR (THF-d₈) δ 1.82 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 5.09 (q,J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 9.51-9.55 (m, 6H), 9.68 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 10.35 (s, 2H),10.37 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (THF-d₈) δ 14.4, 62.2, 105.7, 106.4, 108.8,131.1, 131.7, 132.33, 132.46, 148.7, 149.50, 149.75, 150.12, 171.8;LD-MS obsd 443.9; FAB-MS obsd 444.0566, calcd 444.0565 (C₂₃H₁₆N₄O₂Zn);λ_(abs) 403, 535 nm.

Example 30

Zn(II)-5,15-Bis(tridec-7-yl)porphyrin (Zn5ll) from 3l+1l. Following thestandard procedure, reaction of 0.800 mmol of 3l and 1l afforded apurple solid (81.0 mg, 14%): ¹H NMR δ 0.68-0.71 (m, 12H), 1.01-1.14 (m,24H), 1.31-1.39 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.62 (m, 4H), 2.76-2.85 (m, 4H), 2.97-3.07(m, 4H), 5.32-5.37 (m, 2H), 9.46-9.50 (m, 4H), 9.84-9.86 (m, 2H),9.92-9.94 (m, 2H), 10.21 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR δ 14.2, 22.7, 29.8, 31.9,42.8, 47.2, 104.93, 105.21, 105.49, 124.0, 130.02, 130.25, 130.95,131.17, 131.50, 131.82, 147.12, 147.37, 149.18, 149.45, 149.72, 149.76,152.04, 152.10; LD-MS obsd 736.0; FAB-MS obsd 736.4412, calcd 736.4422(C₄₆H₆₄N₄Zn); λ_(abs) 412, 548 nm.

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The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to beconstrued as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the followingclaims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

1. A compound of Formula II:

wherein: R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently loweralkyl; R¹ is H,alkyl or aryl; R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, halo, loweralkoxy, and loweralkylthio; and Ais selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, aryl,arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido,cyano, hydroxyl, nitro, acyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino,arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, acylamino, acyloxy, amide,sulfonamide, urea, alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, hydrophilic groups,surface attachment groups, cross-coupling groups and bioconjugatablegroups.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is a hydrophilic group,surface attachment group, cross-coupling group or bioconjugatable group.3. The compound of claim 2, wherein A is an alkene, alkyne, alcohol,thiol, selenyl, phosphono, carboxylic acid, formyl, halo or amine group.4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of H and halo.
 5. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each H.
 6. Thecompound of claim 1 having the formula:


7. A method of making a compound of Formula II:

wherein: R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently loweralkyl; R¹ is H,alkyl or aryl; R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, halo, loweralkoxy, and loweralkylthio; and Ais selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, aryl,arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, alkoxy, halo, mercapto, azido,cyano, hydroxyl, nitro, acyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino,arylalkylamino, disubstituted amino, acylamino, acyloxy, amide,sulfonamide, urea, alkoxylacylamino, aminoacyloxy, hydrophilic groups,surface attachment groups, cross-coupling groups and bioconjugatablegroups; said method comprising: reacting a dipyrromethane of Formula IV:

wherein A, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as given above with anN,N-dialkylmethylammonium halide of Formula V:

wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R¹ are as given above, and X is halo; in apolar or nonpolar aprotic solvent to produce said compound of FormulaII.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein A is a surface attachment group,cross-coupling group or bioconjugatable group.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein A is an alkene, alkyne, alcohol, thiol, selenyl, phosphono,carboxylic acid, formyl, halo or amine group.
 10. The method of claim 7,wherein R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of H and halo.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein R²,R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each H.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein saidsolvent is selected from the group consisting of methylene chloride,chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, toluene, acetonitrile, andmixtures thereof.